Of Seditions and Troubles
by
Francis Bacon
(Essay)
Shepherds of people had need know the
calendars and tempests in state, which are commonly greatest when things grow
to equality; as natural tempests are greatest about the equinoctia; and as
there are certain hollow blasts of wind and secret swellings of seas before a
tempest, so are therein states;
———"Ille
etiam cæcos instare tumultus
Sæpe
monet, fraudesque operta tumescere bella."
Libels
and licentious discourses against the elate, when they are frequent and open;
and in like sort false news often running up and down, to the disadvantage of
the state, and hastily embraced, are amongst the signs of troubles. Virgil,
giving the pedigree of Fame, saith she was sister to the giants:
"Illam
Terra parens, irâ irritata Deonum,
Extremam
(ut perhibent) Cæo Enceladoque sororem
Progenuit."
As
if fames were the relics of seditions past; but they are no less indeed the
preludes of seditions to come. Howsoever he noteth it right, that seditious
tumults and seditious fames differ no more but as brother and sister, masculine
and feminine; especially if it come to that, that the best actions of a state,
and the most plausible, which ought to give greatest contentment, are taken in
ill sense, and traduced: for that shows the envy great, as Tacitus saith,
"conflata, magna invidia, seu bene, seu male, gesta premunt." Neither
doth it follow, that because these fames are a sign of troubles, that the
suppressing of them with too much severity should be a remedy of troubles; for
the despising of them many times checks them best, and the going about to stop
them doth but make a wonder long lived. Also that kind of obedience, which
Tacitus speaketh of, is to be held suspected: "Erant in officio, sed tamen
qui mallent mandata imperantium interpretari, quam exequi;" disputing,
excusing, cavilling upon mandates and directions, is a kind of shaking off the
yoke, and assay of disobedience; especially if in those disputings they which
are for the direction speak fearfully and tenderly, and those that are against
it audaciously.
Also,
as Machiavel noteth well, when princes, that ought to be common parents, make
themselves as a party and lean to a side: it is, as a boat that is overthrown
by uneven weight on the one side; as was well seen in the time of Henry the
Third of France; for first himself entered league for the extirpation of the
Protestants, and presently after the same league was turned upon himself: for
when the authority of princes is made but an accessary to a cause, and that
there be other bands that tie faster than the band of sovereignty, kings begin
to be put almost out of possession.
Also,
when discords, and quarrels, and factions, are carried openly and audaciously,
it is a sign the reverence of government is lost; for the motions of the
greatest persons in a government ought to be as the motions of the planets
under "primum mobile," (according to the old opinion,) which is, that
every of them is carried swiftly by the highest motion, and softly in their own
motion; and, therefore, when great ones in their own particular motion move
violently, and, as Tacitus expresseth it well, "liberius quam ut
imperantium meminissent," it is a sign the orbs are out of frame: for
reverence is that wherewith princes are girt from God, whothreateneth the
dissolving thereof; "solvam cingula regum."
So
when any of the four pillars of government are mainly shaken, or weakened,
(which are religion, justice, counsel, and treasure,) men had need to pray for
fair weather. But let us pass from this part of predictions, (concerning which,
nevertheless, more light may be taken from that which followeth,) and let us
speak first of the materials of seditions, then of the motives of them, and
thirdly of the remedies.
Concerning
the materials of seditions, it is a thing well to be considered; for the surest
way to prevent seditions, (if the times do bear it,) is to take away the matter
of them; for if there be fuel prepared, it is hard to tell whence the spark
shall come that shall set it on fire. The matter of seditions is of two kinds,
much poverty and much discontentment. It is certain, so many overthrown
estates, so many votes for troubles. Lucan noteth well the state of Rome before
the civil war,
"Hinc
usura vorax, rapidumque in tempore fœnus,
Hinc
concussa tides, et multis utile bellum."
This
same "multus utile bellum," is an assured and infallible sign of a
state disposed to seditions and troubles; and if this poverty and broken estate
in the better sort be joined with a want and necessity in the mean people, the
danger is imminent and great; for the rebellions of the belly are the worst. As
for discontentments, they are in the politic body like humours in the natural,
which are apt to gather a preternatural heat and to inflame; and let no prince
measure the danger of them by this, whether they be just or unjust: for that
were to imagine people to be too reasonable, who do often spurn at their own
good; nor yet by this, whether the griefs whereupon they rise be in fact great
or small; for they are the most dangerous discontentments where the fear is
greater than the feeling: "Dolendi modus, timendi non item:" besides,
in great oppressions, the same things that provoke the patience, do withal mate
the courage: but in fears it is not so; neither let any prince, or state, be
secure concerning discontentments because they have been often, or have been
long, and yet no peril hath ensued; for as it is true that every vapour, or
fume, doth not turn into a storm, so it is nevertheless true, that storms,
though they blow over divers times, yet may fall at last; and as the Spanish
proverb noteth well, "The cord breaketh at the last by the weakest
pull."
The
causes and motions of seditions are innovation in religion, taxes, alteration
of laws and customs, breaking of privileges, general oppression, advancement of
umvorthy persons, strangers, dearths, disbanded soldiers, factions grown
desperate; and whatsoever in offending people joineth and knitteth them in a
common cause.
For
the remedies, there may be some general preservatives, whereof we will speak:
as for the just cure it must answer to the particular disease; and so be left
to counsel rather than rule. The first remedy, or prevention, is to remove, by
all means possible, that material cause of sedition whereof we speak, which is,
want and poverty in the estate; to which purpose serveth the opening and
well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufactures; the banishing of
idleness; the repressing of waste and excess, by sumptuary laws; the
improvement and husbanding of the soil; the regulating of prices of things vendible;
the moderating of taxes and tributes, and the like. Generally, it is to be
foreseen that the population of a kingdom (especially if it be not mown down by
wars) do not exceed the stock of the kingdom which should maintain them:
neither is the population to be reckoned only by number; for a smaller number
that spend more and earn less, do wear out an estate sooner than a greater
number that live lower and gather more; therefore the multiplying of
nobility,[1] and other degrees of quality, in an overproportion to the common
people, doth speedily bring a state to necessity; and so doth likewise an
overgrown clergy, for they bring nothing to the stock; and, in like manner,
when more are bred scholars than preferments can take off.
It
is likewise to be remembered, that forasmuch as the increase of any estate must
be upon the foreigner, (for whatsoever is somewhere gotten, is somewhere lost,)
there be but three things which one nation selleth unto another; the commodity,
as nature yieldeth it; the manufacture; and the victure, or carriage; so that
if these three wheels go, wealth will flow as in a spring tide. And it cometh
many times to pass, that "materiam superabit opus," that the work and
carriage is more worth than the material, and enricheth a state more; as is
notably seen in the Low Countrymen, who have the best mines above ground in the
world.
Above
all things, good policy is to be used, that the treasure and monies in a state
be not gathered into few hands; for, otherwise, a stale may have a great stock,
and yet starve: and money is like muck, not good except it be spread. This is
done chiefly by suppressing, or, at the least, keeping a strait hand upon the
devouring trades of usury, engrossing, great pasturages, and the like.
For
removing discontentments, or at least the danger of them, there is in every
state (as we know) two portions of subjects, the nobles and the commonality.
When one of these is discontent, the danger is not great; for common people are
of slow motion, if they be not excited by the greater sort; and the greater
sort are of small strength, except the multitude be apt and ready to move of
themselves: then is the danger, when the greater sort do but wait for the
troubling of the waters amongst the meaner, that then they may declare themselves.
The poets feign that the rest of the gods would have bound Jupiter, which he
hearing of, by the counsel of Pallas, sent for Briareus, with his hundred
hands, to come in to his aid: an emblem, no doubt, to show how safe it is for
monarchs to make sure of the good will of common people.
To
give moderate liberty for griefs and discontentments to evaporate (so it be
without too great insolency or bravery) is a safe way: for he that turneth the
humours back, and maketh the wound bleed inwards, eridangereth malign ulcers
and pernicious imposthumations.
The
part of Epimetheus might well become Prometheus, in the case of discontentments,
for there is not a better provision against them. Epimetheus, when griefs and
evils flew abroad, at last shut the lid, and kept hope in the bottom of the
vessel. Certainly, the politic and artificial nourishing and entertaining of
hopes, and carrying men from hopes to hopes, is one of the best antidotes
against the poison of discontentments; and it is a certain sign of a wise
government and proceeding, when it can hold men's hearts by hopes, when it
cannot by satisfaction; and when it can handle things in such manner as no evil
shall appear so peremptory but that it hath some outlet of hope: which is the
less hard to do: because both particular persons and factions are apt enough to
flatter themselves, or at least to brave that, they believe not.
Also
the foresight and prevention, that there be no likely or fit head whereunto
discontented persons may resort, and under whom they may join, is a known, but
an excellent point of caution. I understand a fit head to be one that hath
greatness and reputation, that hath confidence with the discontented party, and
upon whom they turn their eyes, and that is thought discontented in his own
particular: which kind of persons are either to be won and reconciled to the
state, and that in a fast and true manner; or to be fronted with some other of
the same party that may oppose them, and so divide the reputation. Generally
the dividing and breaking of all factions and combinations that are adverse to
the state, and setting them at distance, or, at least, distrust among themselves,
is not one of the worst remedies: for it is a desperate case, if those that
hold with the proceeding of the state be full of discord and faction, and those
that are against it be entire and united.
I
have noted, that some witty and sharp speeches, which have fallen from princes,
have given fire to seditions. Cæsar did himself infinite hurt in that speech,
"Sylla nescivit literas, non potuit dictare;" for it did utterly cut
off that hope which men had entertained, that he would one time or other give
over his dictatorship. Galba undid himself by that speech, "legi a se
militem, non emi;" for it put the soldiers out of hope of the donative.
Probus, likewise, by that speech, "si vixero non opus erit amplius Romano
imperio militibus;" a speech of great despair for the soldiers, and many
the like. Surely princes had need in tender matters and ticklish times, to
beware what they say, especially in these short speeches, which fly abroad like
darts, and are thought to be shot out of their secret intentions; for as for
large discourses, they are flat things, and not so much noted.
Lastly,
let princes, against all events, not be without some great person, one or
rather more, of military valour, near unto them, for the repressing of
seditions in their beginnings; for without that, there useth to be more
trepidation in court upon the first breaking out of troubles, than were fit;
and the state runneth the danger of that which Tacitus saith, "atque is
habitus animorurn fuit, ut pessimum facinus auderent pauci, plures valient,
omnes paterentur:" but let such military persons be assured, and well
reputed of, rather than factious and popular; holding also good correspondence
with the other great men in the state, or else the remedy is worse than the
disease.
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