Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare (Full Book Analysis)

 

Measure for Measure

by William Shakespeare

(Full Book Analysis) 

Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare is a complex play that blends elements of comedy and tragedy. It is often categorized as one of Shakespeare's "problem plays" due to its dark themes and ambiguous tone. Written around 1603-1604, the play explores themes of justice, morality, and mercy, while also delving into issues of power, corruption, and sexual politics.

 

Plot Summary

Act 1: 

The play is set in Vienna, where Duke Vincentio, concerned about the moral decay of his city, decides to temporarily step down from power, appointing Angelo as his deputy. However, instead of leaving the city, the Duke disguises himself as a friar to observe how Angelo governs. Almost immediately, Angelo begins enforcing strict morality laws, one of which condemns Claudio to death for impregnating Juliet, his fiancée, out of wedlock.

Act 2: 

Claudio's sister, Isabella, who is about to enter a convent, pleads with Angelo to spare her brother's life. Angelo, moved by her beauty and virtue, offers her a deal: he will release Claudio if Isabella sleeps with him. Shocked and outraged, Isabella refuses and threatens to expose him, but Angelo, confident in his power, dismisses her threats.

Act 3: 

The Duke, still in disguise, learns of Angelo's proposition and devises a plan to save Claudio and expose Angelo's hypocrisy. He arranges for Mariana, Angelo's former fiancée whom he abandoned, to take Isabella's place in a secret nighttime rendezvous. Angelo, believing he is with Isabella, consummates the relationship, thus losing his moral high ground.

Act 4: 

Angelo, fearing Claudio might seek revenge, orders his immediate execution despite his promise to Isabella. However, the Duke intervenes and ensures that another prisoner's head is sent to Angelo instead, while Claudio is kept alive in secret.

Act 5: 

The Duke returns to Vienna, reveals his disguise, and exposes Angelo's wrongdoing. Angelo confesses and begs for death, but the Duke instead forces him to marry Mariana, thus restoring her honor. Claudio is also pardoned and reunited with Juliet. The play ends ambiguously, with the Duke proposing to Isabella, whose response is left unstated.

 

Themes and Analysis

 

1. Justice and Mercy: 

   The central conflict in Measure for Measure revolves around the balance between justice and mercy. Angelo represents strict justice without mercy, while the Duke symbolizes a more compassionate approach. The play questions whether justice can be truly served without mercy and vice versa.

2. Morality and Hypocrisy: 

   The play explores the theme of moral hypocrisy, particularly through the character of Angelo, who outwardly appears virtuous but is corrupt on the inside. His actions raise questions about the nature of sin, redemption, and the public versus private self.

3. Power and Corruption: 

   Measure for Measure examines how power can corrupt even the most seemingly virtuous individuals. Angelo's abuse of power illustrates how easily authority can be misused, especially when moral absolutes are imposed without consideration for individual circumstances.

4. Sexual Politics: 

   The play delves into issues of sexual morality and the exploitation of women. Isabella's dilemma highlights the limited options available to women in a patriarchal society, where their virtue is often their only currency. The play also critiques the double standards regarding male and female sexuality.

5. The Role of the Law: 

   The law in Measure for Measure is portrayed as both necessary and flawed. The strict enforcement of the law by Angelo leads to unjust outcomes, suggesting that the law, while important, must be tempered with humanity and understanding.

 

Characters

- Duke Vincentio: The ruler of Vienna who pretends to leave the city but stays disguised as a friar to observe the events. He represents the voice of reason and mercy.

- Angelo: The strict deputy who enforces the law rigorously but falls into the trap of his own moral failings.

- Isabella: Claudio's sister, a novice nun, who values her chastity and religious commitment above all else. She is the moral center of the play.

- Claudio: A young man sentenced to death for impregnating Juliet out of wedlock. His plight drives the central conflict of the play.

- Mariana: Angelo's former betrothed, who plays a crucial role in the Duke's plan to expose Angelo.

- Lucio: A comedic character who provides levity and critiques the other characters, often pointing out the absurdities of the situation.

 

Critical Reception

Measure for Measure has been interpreted in various ways over the centuries. Some view it as a dark comedy, while others see it as a moral allegory or a critique of political power. The ambiguity of its tone, particularly in the ending, has led to diverse interpretations. The play's exploration of complex moral and ethical issues continues to resonate with modern audiences, making it one of Shakespeare's most thought-provoking works.

 

Conclusion

Measure for Measure is a multifaceted play that defies easy categorization. Its exploration of justice, morality, and power remains relevant today, offering a powerful commentary on the human condition. The play challenges its audience to consider the complexities of law, ethics, and the human heart, leaving them with more questions than answers.