Literary Term - Discourse

 

Literary Term

Discourse 

In literature, "discourse" refers to the way language is used to convey meaning, construct narratives, and communicate ideas. It encompasses the various forms and structures of communication within a text, including dialogue, narrative techniques, and thematic discussions. Discourse can be analyzed to understand the underlying messages, ideologies, and social constructs presented in a literary work. Here are some key aspects and functions of discourse in literature:

 

Aspects of Literary Discourse

 

Narrative Discourse:

The structure and style of how a story is told, including the use of narrators, point of view, and narrative techniques.

Example: The first-person narrative in "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger creates a personal and introspective discourse that allows readers to closely experience Holden Caulfield's thoughts and feelings.

 

Dialogic Discourse:

The use of dialogue between characters to reveal their personalities, relationships, and conflicts.

Example: In "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, the witty and often ironic dialogue between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy reveals their evolving relationship and social commentary.

 

Thematic Discourse:

The exploration and discussion of central themes and ideas within a text.

Example: In "1984" by George Orwell, the discourse on totalitarianism, surveillance, and individual freedom is central to the novel's thematic content.

 

Rhetorical Discourse:

The use of persuasive language and rhetorical devices to influence the reader's perception or understanding.

Example: In "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the lyrical and symbolic language serves to persuade readers of the novel's themes of illusion and the American Dream.

 

Expository Discourse:

The use of explanatory or informative language to provide background information, context, or clarification.

Example: In "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, Scout's narrative often includes expository passages that explain the social and historical context of Maycomb, Alabama.

 

Descriptive Discourse:

The use of detailed and sensory language to create vivid imagery and convey the setting, characters, and atmosphere.

Example: In "Wuthering Heights" by Emily Brontë, the descriptive discourse vividly portrays the moody and tempestuous landscape of the Yorkshire moors.

 

Functions of Discourse in Literature

 

Constructing Reality:

Discourse shapes the reader's understanding of the fictional world and its characters, settings, and events.

Example: The stream-of-consciousness discourse in "Mrs. Dalloway" by Virginia Woolf constructs the internal realities of characters, reflecting their thoughts and emotions.

 

Revealing Ideologies:

Discourse can expose the underlying ideologies and power structures within a text, often reflecting or challenging societal norms.

Example: The discourse in "Beloved" by Toni Morrison reveals the traumatic legacy of slavery and the resilience of African American identity.

 

Engaging Readers:

Discourse engages readers by creating an immersive and compelling narrative experience, encouraging them to think critically about the text.

Example: The metafictional discourse in "If on a winter's night a traveler" by Italo Calvino directly engages readers in the act of reading and the construction of narrative.

 

Developing Characters:

Through dialogue and narrative techniques, discourse develops characters, revealing their motivations, conflicts, and growth.

Example: The epistolary discourse in "Dracula" by Bram Stoker uses letters and diary entries to develop characters and advance the plot.

 

Conveying Themes:

Discourse conveys and reinforces the central themes of a literary work, helping readers to grasp the deeper meanings and messages.

Example: The allegorical discourse in "Animal Farm" by George Orwell conveys themes of power, corruption, and betrayal.

 

Examples of Discourse in Literature

 

"Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad:

The layered narrative discourse, with Marlow's story framed by an unnamed narrator, explores themes of colonialism, darkness, and morality.

 

"The Handmaid's Tale" by Margaret Atwood:

The dystopian discourse presents a critique of patriarchal power structures and the control of women's bodies through Offred's first-person narrative.

 

"One Hundred Years of Solitude" by Gabriel García Márquez:

The magical realist discourse blends fantastical elements with historical and social commentary, creating a rich and layered narrative.

 

Discourse analysis in literature allows for a deeper understanding of how language shapes meaning, influences readers, and reflects the broader cultural and social context.