Literary Term - Argument

 

Literary Term

Argument 

In literary terms, an "argument" refers to a specific type of discourse or persuasive writing that presents a viewpoint, position, or claim on a particular subject or topic. It is an essential element in essays, speeches, and other forms of writing that aim to convince the audience of the validity of the writer's opinion or perspective.

In an argument, the writer or speaker typically uses logical reasoning, evidence, examples, and emotional appeals to support their main point or thesis. The goal is to persuade the audience to agree with the argument or at least consider the writer's viewpoint as valid.

The structure of an argument often includes an introduction that presents the thesis or main claim, followed by the body paragraphs where evidence and supporting points are presented, and finally, a conclusion that summarizes the main argument and reinforces its significance.

In literature, arguments can also be found in characters' dialogues or monologues, where they express and defend their beliefs, opinions, or ideas. These literary arguments can add depth and complexity to the characters and the overall plot, contributing to the thematic exploration of the work.

Common Examples

 

Claim: Smoking should be banned in all public places.

Supporting Points: Secondhand smoke is harmful to non-smokers, smoking contributes to health issues, and it affects the cleanliness of public spaces.

 

Claim: Social media has a negative impact on society.

Supporting Points: It can lead to addiction and mental health issues, spread misinformation, and contribute to cyberbullying.

 

Claim: Renewable energy is the future of power generation.

Supporting Points: It is sustainable, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and decreases dependence on finite resources.

 

Claim: The death penalty is an ineffective form of punishment.

Supporting Points: It does not deter crime, is prone to errors and wrongful convictions, and raises ethical concerns.

 

Claim: The education system should incorporate more technology in classrooms.

Supporting Points: Technology enhances student engagement, provides access to vast educational resources, and prepares students for the digital world.

 

Claim: Animal testing is necessary for medical and scientific progress.

Supporting Points: It helps develop new treatments and medications, ensures product safety, and contributes to understanding diseases.

 

Claim: Climate change is primarily caused by human activities.

Supporting Points: The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, deforestation reduces carbon sequestration, and industrial processes contribute to emissions.

 

Claim: Video games do not cause violence in real life.

Supporting Points: Studies show no direct link between gaming and violent behavior, other factors play a more significant role in aggression, and millions of gamers do not exhibit violent tendencies.

 

Claim: Mandatory school uniforms have positive effects on students and schools.

Supporting Points: Uniforms promote equality among students, reduce bullying based on appearance, and create a sense of belonging and school pride.

 

Claim: Space exploration is essential for human advancement.

Supporting Points: It drives technological innovation, expands our understanding of the universe, and may lead to the discovery of new resources.

 

These are just a few examples of common arguments. Remember that effective arguments present strong evidence and reasoning to support the claims and acknowledge counterarguments to strengthen their position further. In any argument, it is essential to maintain logical consistency and avoid fallacies in the reasoning.

Examples of Argument in Literature

Arguments in literature can be found in various forms, such as characters engaging in debates, presenting persuasive speeches, or discussing conflicting viewpoints. Here are some examples of arguments in literature:

Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet":

In Act 3, Scene 5, there is a heated argument between Lord Capulet and Juliet after he insists she marry Paris. Juliet resists, as she is already married to Romeo. This argument showcases the conflict between parental authority and personal choice.

Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird":

Atticus Finch's closing argument during the trial of Tom Robinson is a powerful example of a persuasive speech. Atticus argues for the innocence of Tom, emphasizing the importance of seeing beyond racial prejudice.

George Orwell's "Animal Farm":

The novel features numerous arguments and debates among the animals as they discuss the principles of Animalism and the revolution against the humans. The rivalry between Snowball and Napoleon is an ongoing argument about leadership and governance.

Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice":

The novel revolves around the arguments and misunderstandings between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy. Their interactions are filled with wit and intellectual sparring, reflecting the social norms and prejudices of the time.

J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series:

Throughout the series, there are arguments and disagreements among characters, such as the ongoing debates between Hermione and Ron, showcasing different perspectives on various issues, including the role of house-elves and magical creatures.

Arthur Miller's "The Crucible":

The play revolves around arguments in the Salem witch trials, with characters making claims about the existence of witchcraft and the guilt or innocence of those accused.

Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn":

Huck and Jim's relationship involves several arguments and discussions about slavery, freedom, and morality, as Huck wrestles with his conscience and societal expectations.

John Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men":

The novel features arguments between characters such as George and Lennie, Candy and Crooks, all reflecting the challenges faced by marginalized individuals during the Great Depression.

In literature, arguments serve to explore themes, develop characters, and provoke thought about societal issues. They can be pivotal moments in the story, providing insights into the characters' motivations and shaping the plot's direction.

Function of Argument

The function of an argument in literature, as well as in other forms of writing and discourse, serves several important purposes:

Persuasion: One of the primary functions of an argument is to persuade the audience to accept the writer's viewpoint, belief, or perspective on a particular subject. By presenting logical reasoning, evidence, and emotional appeals, the writer aims to convince the readers of the validity and soundness of their position.

Engagement: Arguments in literature can engage the readers or audience by creating tension, conflict, or intellectual challenge. They stimulate curiosity and critical thinking, encouraging readers to think deeply about the issues presented.

Character Development: In literature, arguments between characters can be used to develop their personalities, motivations, and beliefs. The way characters argue, the topics they choose, and their reactions during debates reveal their values and complexities.

Theme Exploration: Arguments often delve into the underlying themes of a literary work. They allow authors to explore different perspectives, moral dilemmas, and social issues, adding depth and complexity to the story's thematic elements.

Conflict and Plot Advancement: Arguments can serve as pivotal moments in a story, creating conflict and driving the plot forward. They introduce obstacles, reveal tensions between characters, and lead to important decisions or actions.

Catharsis and Emotional Impact: A powerful argument can evoke emotions in the readers, creating moments of catharsis or emotional release. Whether it's anger, empathy, or enlightenment, these emotional responses can leave a lasting impact on the audience.

Understanding Multiple Viewpoints: In some cases, literature presents arguments from different characters or perspectives. This can help readers gain a deeper understanding of complex issues by considering various viewpoints and appreciating the nuances of the subject matter.

Social and Cultural Commentary: Arguments in literature can be used as a platform for social or cultural commentary. Authors may use characters' debates and dialogues to critique societal norms, challenge prejudices, or advocate for change.

Empowerment and Expression: Arguments can be empowering for characters who use their voices to express themselves, assert their rights, or stand up against injustice. These instances of self-advocacy can inspire readers as well.

In summary, the function of an argument in literature goes beyond simply stating a point of view; it plays a multifaceted role in shaping the narrative, exploring themes, and engaging the readers intellectually and emotionally.