Hind Swaraj - (Summary)

 

Hind Swaraj

(Summary) 

'Hind Swaraj', also known as 'Indian Home Rule', is a book written by Mahatma Gandhi in 1909. It consists of 20 chapters, each addressing different aspects of Gandhi's vision for India's future.

Here are the chapter titles of 'Hind Swaraj':

 

1.               The Congress and its Pledge

2.               The Partition of Bengal

3.               The Swadeshi Movement

4.               Boycott

5.               The Doctrine of Passive Resistance

6.               The Partition of Bengal (continued)

7.               The Condition of England

8.               Civilization

9.               Discontent and Civilisation

10.          The Machinery

11.          Asiatic Civilization

12.          The Gujarati-Roman Letter

13.          What is True Civilization?

14.          The Musalman and the Hindu

15.          Cow Protection

16.          The Condition of India

17.          The Condition of England (continued)

18.          The Condition of India (continued)

19.          The Condition of India (continued)

20.          The Way to Peace

 

*** The following may be the reason for the differences in the chapters-titles of the book and their order:

Hind Swaraj has been published in multiple editions over the years, and different publishers may have chosen to use different chapter titles or organize the book differently. It's possible that the edition you're looking at has a different chapter structure.

Hind Swaraj was originally written in Gujarati, and has been translated into multiple languages, including English. Different translators may have chosen to use different chapter titles or organize the book differently. It's possible that the translation you're looking at has a different chapter structure.

 

These chapters explore topics such as the Indian independence movement, the impact of British colonialism on India, the nature of civilization, the role of religion in society, and the principles of nonviolent resistance.

1.               The Congress and its Pledge

In the first chapter of 'Hind Swaraj', titled "The Congress and its Pledge", Mahatma Gandhi criticizes the Indian National Congress and its approach towards achieving Indian independence.

He argues that the Congress has become too focused on political power and material progress, at the expense of India's spiritual and cultural values. Gandhi believes that India cannot simply emulate the Western model of modernity and progress, but must find its own path based on its unique cultural and spiritual heritage.

He also criticizes the Congress's pledge to achieve self-government through constitutional means, arguing that this approach will ultimately fail to bring true independence to India. Instead, he advocates for a more radical approach based on nonviolent resistance and the principles of satyagraha, or truth-force.

Overall, the message of this chapter is that India must reject the Western model of progress and instead find its own path based on its spiritual and cultural heritage, and that achieving true independence requires a radical approach based on nonviolence and satyagraha.

2.               The Partition of Bengal

The second chapter of 'Hind Swaraj', titled "The Partition of Bengal", focuses on the British government's decision to divide the Bengal province in 1905.

Mahatma Gandhi argues that the partition was a deliberate attempt by the British to divide and weaken the Indian nationalist movement, by creating divisions between Hindus and Muslims. He believes that this decision was not made for the benefit of Indians but was instead an act of oppression, which aimed to maintain British control over India.

Gandhi also criticizes the Indian National Congress for not doing enough to prevent the partition or to address its negative consequences. He argues that the Congress should have taken a more radical approach to opposing British colonialism, based on nonviolent resistance and the principles of satyagraha.

Overall, the message of this chapter is that the British government's decision to partition Bengal was a deliberate attempt to weaken Indian nationalism and that the Indian National Congress should have taken a more radical approach to opposing British colonialism.

3.               The Swadeshi Movement

The Swadeshi Movement is a chapter from the book Hind Swaraj by Mahatma Gandhi. In this chapter, Gandhi discusses the concept of Swadeshi, which means self-sufficiency or self-reliance, and its importance in achieving Indian independence from British colonial rule.

Gandhi argues that the root cause of India's problems is its economic dependence on Britain, and that Swadeshi is the key to breaking this dependence. He calls for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian-made products as a way to create economic independence.

Gandhi also emphasizes the importance of hand-made goods and the revival of traditional Indian industries such as weaving, spinning, and pottery. He argues that these industries provide employment for millions of Indians and should be promoted as part of the Swadeshi movement.

Overall, Gandhi sees Swadeshi as a way to achieve economic, political, and cultural independence for India. He believes that by promoting self-sufficiency and self-reliance, India can become a strong and prosperous nation.

4.               'Boycott'

The chapter "Boycott" from Hind Swaraj, written by Mahatma Gandhi, discusses the concept of boycott and its role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule.

Gandhi defines boycott as the "use of the weapon of non-cooperation" and emphasizes that it should be a peaceful and non-violent means of protest. He argues that boycott can be an effective tool for achieving political, economic, and social change.

Gandhi specifically advocates for the boycott of British goods as a means of protesting against British rule and promoting Indian self-sufficiency. He argues that India's economic dependence on Britain is one of the root causes of its subjugation, and that by boycotting British goods, Indians can both weaken the British economy and promote Indian industries.

Furthermore, Gandhi emphasizes the importance of the moral basis of boycott, stating that it should be motivated by a desire for justice and should not be used as a means of revenge or hatred. He also argues that boycott should be accompanied by positive action, such as the promotion of Indian-made goods and the development of Indian industries.

In conclusion, the chapter "Boycott" stresses the importance of non-violent protest and the power of boycott as a means of achieving political and economic change. Gandhi sees boycott as a tool for promoting Indian self-reliance and weakening British colonialism, while also emphasizing the importance of moral principles in its implementation.

5.               'The Doctrine of Passive Resistance'

In the chapter "The Doctrine of Passive Resistance" from Hind Swaraj, Mahatma Gandhi discusses the concept of passive resistance, which is also known as nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience.

Gandhi argues that passive resistance is a powerful tool for achieving social, political, and economic change, and that it is based on the principle of love and compassion. He believes that passive resistance is a way to fight against injustice without using violence, and that it is a way to transform the oppressor as well as the oppressed.

Gandhi emphasizes that passive resistance requires great courage and discipline, and that it is not a sign of weakness. He also notes that it is not a passive form of protest, but rather an active and conscious choice to resist injustice through nonviolent means.

Furthermore, Gandhi stresses that passive resistance must be based on truth and must be carried out with a sense of humility and self-sacrifice. He believes that the goal of passive resistance is not simply to achieve political change, but to transform society and individuals as well.

In conclusion, the chapter "The Doctrine of Passive Resistance" highlights the importance of nonviolent protest and the power of passive resistance in achieving social, political, and economic change. Gandhi sees passive resistance as a means of fighting against injustice while promoting love and compassion, and emphasizes the importance of truth, courage, and self-sacrifice in its implementation.

6.               'The Partition of Bengal'

In the sixth chapter of Hind Swaraj, titled "The Partition of Bengal," Mahatma Gandhi discusses the British government's decision to divide Bengal in 1905. He argues that the partition was a strategic move to divide the Indian population along religious lines and weaken the nationalist movement.

Gandhi argues that the partition was not motivated by any desire to improve the governance of the region or address the concerns of its people. Rather, it was a calculated move by the British to maintain their hold on India by creating divisions among its people.

He points out that the partition was opposed by many Indians, including Hindus and Muslims, who saw it as a threat to their unity and identity. However, Gandhi believes that the protests against the partition were misguided, as they focused on preserving the status quo rather than challenging the underlying colonial system.

Instead, Gandhi advocates for a more radical approach to achieving Indian independence. He argues that Indians should reject British culture and embrace their own traditions and values. He also calls for the use of nonviolent resistance to challenge British rule, arguing that violence only perpetuates the cycle of oppression.

Overall, in this chapter, Gandhi presents a critique of British colonialism and argues for a radical approach to achieving Indian independence that involves rejecting British culture and embracing Indian traditions, as well as nonviolent resistance to challenge British rule.

7.               'The Condition of England'

In the seventh chapter of Hind Swaraj, titled "The Condition of England," Mahatma Gandhi discusses his observations of British society during his time living in England in the late 19th century. He argues that the problems facing England are not unique to that country, but are symptoms of a larger global crisis of civilization.

Gandhi notes that England, despite its wealth and power, is plagued by poverty, social inequality, and a lack of moral values. He argues that the root cause of these problems is the industrialization and modernization that has taken place in England and other Western countries. He believes that the pursuit of material wealth and technological progress has come at the expense of human values and social well-being.

Gandhi contrasts the situation in England with the traditional Indian way of life, which he believes embodies a more holistic and spiritual approach to human existence. He argues that India has much to offer the world in terms of moral and spiritual values, and that the Western world would do well to learn from India's example.

Gandhi also criticizes the Western education system, which he believes is focused on producing people who are skilled in a narrow range of technical disciplines, but lack broader knowledge and understanding. He argues that education should be focused on developing the whole person, including their moral and spiritual growth.

Overall, in this chapter, Gandhi presents a critique of Western civilization, arguing that it has become too focused on material wealth and technological progress at the expense of human values and social well-being. He contrasts this with the traditional Indian way of life, which he believes embodies a more holistic and spiritual approach to human existence, and argues that the West would do well to learn from India's example.

8.               'Civilization'

In the eighth chapter of Hind Swaraj, titled "Civilization," Mahatma Gandhi continues his critique of Western civilization, arguing that it is fundamentally flawed and unsustainable. He argues that Western civilization is based on a false idea of progress, which has led to the destruction of the environment, the exploitation of people, and the erosion of moral and spiritual values.

Gandhi believes that the pursuit of material wealth and technological progress has become an end in itself, rather than a means to achieve greater human well-being. He argues that this approach is unsustainable, as it leads to the depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation, and the impoverishment of people.

Gandhi also criticizes the idea of civilization itself, arguing that it is a narrow and limiting concept that promotes the domination of one culture over others. He believes that true progress can only be achieved by embracing diversity and respecting the wisdom and traditions of all cultures.

Gandhi advocates for a new approach to civilization, which he calls "non-violent civilization." He believes that this approach is based on respect for human dignity, the protection of the environment, and the promotion of social justice. He argues that non-violent civilization can only be achieved through the practice of nonviolence in all aspects of life, including politics, economics, and social relations.

Overall, in this chapter, Gandhi presents a critique of Western civilization, arguing that it is based on a false idea of progress that is leading to the destruction of the environment and the erosion of moral and spiritual values. He advocates for a new approach to civilization based on respect for human dignity, the protection of the environment, and the practice of nonviolence in all aspects of life.

9.               'Discontent and Civilisation'

In the ninth chapter of Hind Swaraj, titled "Discontent and Civilisation," Mahatma Gandhi explores the root causes of discontent in modern society and the relationship between civilization and happiness. He argues that despite material progress, modern civilization has failed to bring happiness and contentment to people's lives.

Gandhi believes that the pursuit of material wealth and the glorification of technology and science have come at the expense of human values and social well-being. He argues that modern civilization has created a culture of consumerism, where people are defined by what they own rather than who they are.

Gandhi also points out that modern civilization has created a sense of alienation and disconnection from nature and from one another. He argues that this sense of disconnection is at the root of many of the social and environmental problems facing the world today.

Gandhi believes that true happiness and contentment can only be achieved by reconnecting with nature, with other people, and with one's inner self. He argues that this requires a radical shift in values and priorities, away from materialism and towards spirituality and social well-being.

Overall, in this chapter, Gandhi presents a critique of modern civilization, arguing that it has failed to bring happiness and contentment to people's lives. He highlights the negative consequences of materialism and the glorification of technology, and argues that true happiness and contentment can only be achieved through a shift in values towards spirituality and social well-being.

10.          'The Machinery'

In the tenth chapter of Hind Swaraj, titled "The Machinery," Mahatma Gandhi discusses his views on technology and machinery. He argues that machinery is not inherently bad, but that its misuse in modern society has led to a number of negative consequences.

Gandhi believes that the over-reliance on machinery has led to the exploitation of natural resources and the destruction of the environment. He argues that machinery has also led to the dehumanization of work, as people are reduced to mere cogs in the industrial machine.

Gandhi also criticizes the economic system that has developed around machinery, arguing that it is based on the exploitation of workers and the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. He believes that this economic system is incompatible with true social justice and human well-being.

Gandhi advocates for a different approach to technology and machinery, one that is based on the principles of simplicity, self-sufficiency, and sustainability. He argues that technology should be used in a way that is respectful of the environment and that enhances human well-being, rather than undermining it.

Overall, in this chapter, Gandhi presents a nuanced view of technology and machinery, arguing that they are not inherently bad but that their misuse in modern society has led to a number of negative consequences. He advocates for a more thoughtful and sustainable approach to technology and machinery that is based on the principles of simplicity, self-sufficiency, and social justice.

11.          ‘Asiatic Civilization’

In the 11th chapter of "Hind Swaraj" by Mahatma Gandhi, titled "Asiatic Civilization," Gandhi talks about the unique nature of civilization in Asia, particularly in India. He argues that Asiatic civilization is fundamentally different from Western civilization, as it is based on spirituality, introspection, and an understanding of the unity of all things.

Gandhi argues that the Western civilization, on the other hand, is based on materialism, externalism, and an obsession with progress and development. He believes that this has led to a great deal of suffering in the world, as people become more and more disconnected from their true selves and from the natural world around them.

Gandhi also discusses the caste system in India, acknowledging that it is a problematic institution that has been used to oppress people for centuries. However, he argues that the true spirit of the caste system is one of cooperation and mutual support, and that it can be reformed in a way that promotes social harmony and equality.

Throughout the chapter, Gandhi emphasizes the importance of spiritual values and a deep understanding of the interconnectedness of all things. He argues that this understanding is essential for creating a truly just and peaceful society, and that it is something that the West can learn from the traditions of Asia.

12.          ‘The Gujarati-Roman Letter’

In the 12th chapter of "Hind Swaraj" by Mahatma Gandhi, titled "The Gujarati-Roman Letter," Gandhi explains why he chose to write the book in Gujarati, his native language, instead of English. He also provides a translation of the Gujarati text into Roman script for the benefit of English-speaking readers.

Gandhi argues that language is an important aspect of culture and identity, and that using one's native language is a way of asserting one's independence and autonomy. He also believes that writing in a local language makes it easier to communicate with the people who are most affected by the ideas being presented.

Gandhi then goes on to provide a translation of the entire Gujarati text of "Hind Swaraj" into Roman script, along with explanatory notes to help English-speaking readers understand the nuances of the language and culture. He also provides a brief history of the Gujarati language and its unique features.

Overall, the chapter emphasizes the importance of language and cultural identity, and shows how Gandhi's commitment to these values influenced his choice of language for "Hind Swaraj." By providing a translation of the text into English, Gandhi also makes his ideas more accessible to a wider audience, while still maintaining the integrity and authenticity of the original text.

13.          ‘What is True Civilization?’

In the 13th chapter of "Hind Swaraj" by Mahatma Gandhi, titled "What is True Civilization?", Gandhi offers his vision of what a truly civilized society should look like. He argues that true civilization is not measured by the material progress or technological advancements of a society, but rather by the moral and spiritual development of its people.

Gandhi believes that the purpose of civilization is to enable individuals to live a life of dignity and freedom, and to fulfill their highest potential. He argues that this can only be achieved through a society that values simplicity, self-restraint, and a deep respect for all life.

According to Gandhi, a truly civilized society is one in which people are not driven by selfish desires, but instead are motivated by a sense of duty and service to others. He also emphasizes the importance of decentralization, arguing that power should be dispersed among the people, rather than concentrated in the hands of a few.

Gandhi's vision of true civilization is deeply rooted in his spiritual beliefs, particularly his belief in the unity of all things. He argues that a society that recognizes this fundamental unity, and treats all beings with respect and compassion, is one that can truly be called civilized.

Overall, the chapter emphasizes the importance of focusing on the inner development of individuals and societies, rather than on external material progress. Gandhi's vision of true civilization is one that values simplicity, self-restraint, and a deep respect for all life, and is characterized by a sense of duty and service to others.

14.          ‘The Musalman and the Hindu’

In the 14th chapter of "Hind Swaraj" by Mahatma Gandhi, titled "The Musalman and the Hindu," Gandhi addresses the issue of communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India. He argues that the root of the problem is not religious differences, but rather the lack of understanding and trust between the two communities.

Gandhi acknowledges that there are legitimate grievances on both sides, but he believes that these can be resolved through dialogue and mutual understanding. He argues that Hindus and Muslims must recognize their shared cultural heritage and work together to build a united, independent India.

Gandhi also critiques the British policy of divide and rule, which he believes has contributed to the communal tensions in India. He argues that the British have exploited the differences between Hindus and Muslims for their own benefit, and that India can only achieve true independence and unity by overcoming these divisions.

Throughout the chapter, Gandhi emphasizes the importance of nonviolence and peaceful coexistence between Hindus and Muslims. He believes that both communities must strive to understand and respect each other's beliefs and traditions, and work together to build a society that is just and equitable for all.

Overall, the chapter highlights the need for mutual understanding and cooperation between Hindus and Muslims in India, and calls for an end to the communal tensions that have plagued the country for centuries. Gandhi's message of nonviolence and peaceful coexistence remains relevant today, as India continues to grapple with issues of communalism and sectarianism.

15.          ‘Cow Protection’

In the 15th chapter of "Hind Swaraj" by Mahatma Gandhi, titled "Cow Protection," Gandhi discusses the significance of cows in Indian culture and the importance of protecting them.

Gandhi believes that cows are sacred animals and should be treated with the utmost respect and care. He argues that cows play a vital role in Indian agriculture and economy, and that their protection is essential for the well-being of the country.

However, Gandhi also acknowledges that the issue of cow protection has been used by some to promote religious fanaticism and communalism. He warns against using the protection of cows as a tool for political manipulation or as a means of oppressing certain communities.

Instead, Gandhi emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to cow protection that takes into account the well-being of both cows and humans. He argues that cows should not be killed for their meat, but rather should be allowed to live out their natural lives in peace and dignity.

Gandhi also calls for a shift away from industrial agriculture and a return to traditional, sustainable farming practices that prioritize the welfare of animals and the environment.

Overall, the chapter highlights the importance of treating animals with respect and care, and argues that cow protection is an essential part of Indian culture and society. However, Gandhi also warns against the dangers of using the issue for political gain or as a means of promoting intolerance and division.

16.          ‘The Condition of India’

The 16th chapter of the book 'Hind Swaraj' is titled 'The Condition of India.' In this chapter, Mahatma Gandhi describes the current state of India and explains why he believes that India is in a deplorable condition.

According to Gandhi, India's problems are not just economic or political but stem from deeper issues related to the country's culture, spirituality, and way of life. He argues that India has lost its traditional values and has become too focused on material wealth and Western ways of living.

Gandhi also criticizes the education system in India, which he believes is overly focused on producing clerks and bureaucrats rather than cultivating true wisdom and knowledge. He advocates for a more holistic approach to education that emphasizes character development and practical skills.

Gandhi also discusses the impact of British colonialism on India, arguing that it has not only exploited the country's resources but also destroyed its social and cultural fabric. He believes that India's only hope for true progress lies in rediscovering its ancient wisdom and spiritual traditions.

In the chapter's closing paragraphs, Gandhi urges his readers to reject the temptation of materialism and embrace a simpler, more spiritual way of life. He believes that by doing so, India can overcome its current problems and regain its rightful place as a beacon of wisdom and enlightenment for the world.

17.          'The Condition of England.'

In this chapter, Mahatma Gandhi discusses his observations of English society during his time in London in 1909. He describes the city's bustling, industrialized landscape, and contrasts it with the simplicity and tranquility of life in rural India.

Gandhi critiques the materialistic culture of England, which he believes has led to a focus on efficiency and productivity at the expense of individual liberty and happiness. He also criticizes the political system, arguing that it is dominated by wealthy elites and fails to represent the needs and interests of the common people.

Gandhi argues that England's colonialist policies, particularly in India, have not only exploited the country's resources but have also contributed to the suffering and poverty of its people. He asserts that India's only hope for true progress lies in rejecting the influence of Western civilization and reclaiming its own traditions and values.

In the closing paragraphs of the chapter, Gandhi suggests that India has much to teach the world about spirituality and compassion, and encourages his readers to embrace these values in their own lives.

18.          'The Condition of India (continued).'

In this chapter, Mahatma Gandhi continues his discussion of India's condition and the impact of British colonialism on the country. He argues that the British have not only exploited India's resources but have also undermined its social and cultural institutions, resulting in a loss of national identity and a sense of inferiority among the Indian people.

Gandhi emphasizes the importance of self-reliance and self-sufficiency in India's quest for independence, arguing that India must reject Western values and adopt a more traditional way of life. He also discusses the role of religion in Indian society, advocating for a more inclusive and tolerant approach that recognizes the common humanity of all people.

In the closing paragraphs of the chapter, Gandhi reiterates his belief in the power of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience as a means of achieving political change. He emphasizes the need for individual and collective action in the struggle for Indian independence, and urges his readers to reject violence and embrace a peaceful path to freedom.

19.          ‘The Condition of India’

The 19th chapter of the book 'Hind Swaraj' is titled 'The Condition of India (continued).' In this chapter, Mahatma Gandhi continues to explore the issues facing India and the impact of British colonialism on the country.

Gandhi emphasizes the importance of education as a means of empowering the Indian people, but criticizes the current system, which he believes emphasizes rote learning over critical thinking and fails to develop students' character and practical skills. He argues that education should focus on developing students' moral and spiritual values, as well as their ability to contribute to society.

Gandhi also discusses the importance of economic self-sufficiency, arguing that India must develop its own industries and reject dependence on foreign goods. He advocates for a return to traditional methods of agriculture and handicrafts, and emphasizes the need for greater equality and social justice in the distribution of wealth.

Throughout the chapter, Gandhi emphasizes the importance of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience in the struggle for Indian independence. He argues that violence only perpetuates the cycle of oppression and calls on his readers to adopt a more peaceful approach to political change.

In the closing paragraphs of the chapter, Gandhi expresses his faith in the power of the Indian people to achieve independence and build a new, more just society. He urges his readers to reject the idea of being passive subjects and to embrace the role of active, responsible citizens in shaping the future of their country.

20.          ‘The Way to Peace’

The 20th chapter of the book 'Hind Swaraj' is titled 'The Way to Peace.' In this chapter, Mahatma Gandhi reflects on the nature of peace and the conditions necessary for its realization.

Gandhi argues that true peace can only be achieved through nonviolent means, as violence only begets more violence and perpetuates a cycle of hatred and conflict. He emphasizes the importance of love and compassion in overcoming the divisions and animosities that divide people.

Gandhi also discusses the importance of self-examination and personal transformation in the pursuit of peace. He argues that individuals must first cultivate inner peace and harmony before they can contribute to creating a peaceful society.

Throughout the chapter, Gandhi emphasizes the need for unity and cooperation in achieving peace. He urges his readers to reject the idea of individualism and to embrace the interconnectedness of all people.

In the closing paragraphs of the chapter, Gandhi calls on his readers to embrace a life of simplicity and humility, and to reject the pursuit of material wealth and power. He argues that true peace can only be achieved when people prioritize the well-being of others and work towards the common good.